how the western world holds drugs to impossible safety standards
by Brian Ballard Quass, the Drug War Philosopher
August 11, 2025
The western attitude toward drugs has always been based on the absurd notion that a drug should be criminalized if it can be misused, even in theory, by a white young person. This is the faulty racist and xenophobic premise upon which all calls for substance prohibition are always based: the idea that we must legislatively protect our young people from those substances about which we refuse to educate them! But the proponents of this viewpoint are wrong on at least two enormous counts. First, they ignore all the downsides of the prohibition that they are advocating (explicitly or otherwise); and second, they ignore all stakeholders in the drug approval process except for the white young people whom they fear might misuse the drugs under consideration.
PROHIBITION DOWNSIDES
What downsides, you ask? Where do I begin?
Prohibition downsides include the shooting deaths of tens of thousands of minorities in America's inner cities over the last decade alone1, the disappearance of 60,000 in Mexico thanks to the Drug War launched down south in 2006 by Felipe Calderon2, the creation of 'no-go' zones around the world3, the self-censorship of almost everyone in academia4, the self-censorship of books of all kinds, of newspapers and of magazines and of TV shows and movies (sometimes with the help of the White House itself5), and the erosion of time-honored freedoms around the world under the pretext of fighting drugs (not to mention the election of Donald Trump -- twice now -- made possible by America's unprecedented mass jailing of minorities6). These downsides make it clear that drug prohibition kills far more than it "saves," meanwhile destroying the basic freedoms of democracy in the process. Prohibition merely outsources death and suffering to minorities and the politically disempowered -- and it only "saves" our young people by denying them a vast pharmacopoeia of medicines, rather than by educating them about such potential godsends, some of which have inspired entire religions.
And yet Drug Warriors actually say inherently racist and xenophobic things like: "If we can save one young person from drug abuse, then our efforts will be worth it." Really? These prohibitionists actually think that it is okay to kill tens of thousands of minorities and foreigners in order to save a few white suburban young people from the endless drugs about which we refuse on principle to educate them. They think that it is okay to destroy the Bill of Rights to save those poor little kids whom we refuse to educate. They think that it is okay to create drug laws that give racist cops carte blanche to be as evil as they want to be toward minorities7.
Moreover, if such laws prevent Johnny Whitebread from using potential godsend drugs, they only do so by forcing him to grow up in a world in which he has no sovereignty over his own mental and emotional states, no right to take care of his own health, no right to access Mother Nature's vast pharmacopoeia -- and this is a tradeoff that no one should have to make in a free world. In such a world, anyone with psychological issues is forced to become a ward of the healthcare state -- thanks to which (o irony of ironies!) they are likely to be put on Big Pharma dependence-causing drugs for life! (Did I say "drugs"? I meant "meds," of course!) And this is how we "save" Junior from drugs? by making him chemically dependent for life? and then only on the tranquilizing drugs* whose sales boost the bottom line of pharmaceutical companies?
We can clearly see who got the best end of the deal in that arrangement: hint, it was not the so-called "mental patient." Indeed, there would be very few "mental patients" these days if the government would be so magnanimous as to allow Homo sapiens to reach down and use the plant medicines that grow all around them -- but then that is just another of the many downsides of prohibition to which the fearmongering western Drug Warrior is completely blind. Drug prohibition has turned the time-honored expedient of self-medication into the one great unforgivable sin against medical science. As Jeffrey Singer wrote in Your Body, Your Health Care:
"Imagine how many people would have benefited during the past half-century had the government respected their autonomy and their right to self-medicate." 8
It does not help, of course, that the medical establishment profits handsomely from this disempowerment of healthcare consumers and so has an obvious interest in encouraging prohibitionist attitudes: especially the idea that the hoi polloi are babies when it comes to drugs and must be patronized and prescribed to by their betters in the medical field.
In reality, of course, it was always a category error to place materialist scientists in charge of mind and mood medicine in the first place: that is exactly like placing the passion-scorning Dr. Spock of Star Trek in charge of a course on hugging on the USS Enterprise, an activity which the sullen Vulcan would insist was "highly illogical, Captain." Just so are materialists clueless when it comes to the human psychology of drug use. This is why a materialist scientist like Dr. Robert Glatter has to ask whether laughing gas could help the depressed9. Laughing gas, for God's sake! Everyone knows that laughter is the best medicine -- a truth that the Reader's Digest has been promoting for over a century now -- and yet materialists are behaviorists when it comes to human psychology and so they only believe in evidence that they find under a microscope. The fact that a drug merely "works" from the user's point of view means nothing to the materialist.
INVISIBLE STAKEHOLDERS
White young people are not the only stakeholders in the drug approval game. When we criminalize drugs in order to keep our uneducated young people from using them, we are thereby also keeping the severely depressed from using those drugs as well. People commit suicide every day and they undergo unnecessary brain-damaging shock therapy for no other reason than that we westerners have refused to take advantage of a vast array of godsend substances -- in trees, in flowers, in fungi, in animals -- substances that, as ethnobotanists well know, have time-honored potential for improving mental outlook and giving the user a vacation from negative self-talk that prevents them from being all that they can be in life. When we outlaw drugs for junior, we also outlaw them for those who use drugs to gain religious inspiration, as the rishi employed Soma in the Punjab in 1500 BCE. When we outlaw drugs for junior, we also outlaw them for the philosophers who wish to use them in studying the nature of ultimate reality -- a use promoted by William James himself in The Varieties of Religious Experience. When we outlaw drugs for junior, we also outlaw them for those trying to get off antidepressants, those for whom a quick and timely pick-me-up from "drugs" could spell the difference between recidivism and remaining off an unwanted Big Pharma drug.
And yet the only stakeholder that the prohibitionist recognizes in the drugs debate are the white young people -- the kids who have trouble with drugs precisely because we have refused to educate them on the subject!
As Szasz wrote in Our Right to Drugs
"The laws that deny healthy people 'recreational' drugs also deny sick people 'therapeutic' drugs."10
This latter statement is so obvious and yet it never seems to have occurred to any western critics of drugs. If a drug could be misused by Jack or Jill Whitebread when used at one dose for one reason in one circumstance, then we are always told by western drug pundits that the drug in question must not be used by anyone at any dose in any circumstance. It is as if these Drug Warriors have never even heard of the concept of education! This is politics and superstition at work here, not science. This is the triumph of the caveman mindset that prompts westerners to spout absurd fearmongering bromides such as "Crack kills!" and "Fentanyl kills!", failing to realize that such statements are the philosophical equivalent of shouting "Fire bad!" All such statements encourage us to fear dangerous substances rather than to learn how to use them as wisely as possible for the benefit of humanity.
Moreover, it is just plain anti-scientific -- and even anti-human progress -- to outlaw a drug based on the fact that its use may prove problematic for one demographic alone.
ANALYSIS
How did we in the west arrive at such an anti-scientific, illogical and ultimately racist, xenophobic and even fascist point of view about "drugs"? There is plenty of blame to go around, as they say, but the media has certainly done more than their fair share in normalizing our society's superstitious and inhumane attitude toward psychoactive medicines. The media has done this, first, by refusing to publish any positive reports of drug use, and second, by holding drug use to a safety standard that they impose for no other risky activity on earth, not for rifle firing, not for car driving, and certainly not for liquor drinking.
A good poster child for this lopsided reporting about drugs can be found in the 1972 New York Times article by Henry Lennard entitled Freud's Disaster With Cocaine. Lennard begins this piece of drug-war agitprop as follows:
"Those in the medical profession or the youth culture who do not seriously consider the hidden consequences of drug use may profitably ponder the unfortunate error of that astute observer of human experience, Sigmund Freud. The story of Freud's fascination with cocaine is not unknown but its retelling at this time may be useful."11
Lennard sets himself up as a moralist here, ready to condescendingly inform us about the supposedly awful truth about cocaine. And yet why does Lennard characterize Freud's work with cocaine as an error in the first place? Answer: for the simple reason that cocaine proved to be addictive for one particular person to whom Freud offered the drug. One person.
That's it. That's the evidence that cocaine is bad. And this "one person" was a confirmed morphine addict at that. Cocaine was not even addictive for Freud himself, who yet used the drug liberally whenever he found it useful.
But it is clearly "one strike, you're out" as far as Lennard is concerned when it comes to psychoactive drugs. Instead of seeing the wonderful benefits of cocaine use and pushing for education about safe use so that human beings can profit from the mind-focusing godsend as safely as possible, Lennard implies that the drug itself is beyond the pale simply because it can be misused. By that same logic, we could outlaw literally any drug. The use of both aspirin and Tylenol can lead to death12 and liver damage13 respectively, and yet Lennard would never suggest that it is "one strike, you're out" when evaluating THOSE kinds of drugs. There are thousands who, as we speak, are contemplating suicide because of their problems trying to get off of modern antidepressants (just search the many online forums on this topic), and yet Drug Warriors like Lennard never even notice such downsides to such established drugs, let alone use them as an excuse to put Big Pharma out of business by denouncing the dependence-causing nature of the drugs that they create.
This is the hypocritical M.O. of the Drug Warrior: they dismiss every single glaringly obvious benefit of drug use merely by pointing to one single incident of misuse. This is like denouncing alcohol because some people are alcoholics. Of course, the Drug Warrior will blame the existence of "street people" in Oregon on opiates, but there was no opiate crisis in America when opium was legal, it took drug prohibition to accomplish that. How? By refusing to educate as to safe use, refusing to regulate product as to quantity and quality, and refusing to offer a wide variety of medications, thus giving users alternatives to the more addictive nostrums that the drug dealer has been incentivized to provide thanks to drug prohibition.
Poe has written of drugs that can give an educated user a surreal appreciation of Mother Nature14. Alexander Shulgin has written of drugs that inspire compassion in the user15. Mike Jay tells us how the use of certain beta-carbolines can inspire a sort of creativity on demand16. Freud himself told us how cocaine could help him to concentrate and get work done:
"My impression has been that the use of cocaine over a long time can bring about lasting improvement..."17
These are ENORMOUS drug benefits, whether we like to admit that fact or not (and most westerners will, indeed, never admit this apparently highly heretical fact). All such drugs could clearly help prevent suicide by giving the depressed a renewed interest in life. This is psychological common sense. And yet Drug Warriors like Lennard would clearly prefer that you and I commit suicide rather than to use politically demonized substances called "drugs" for the purpose of reigniting our interest in life. Lennard does not realize that we are all on drugs all the time -- it's what we call our biochemistry -- and that the sober state is pathological for many, given the negative voices of the past that can counsel despair.
This is not to say that any given person should use any given drug -- merely that the propriety of drug use must always be determined by circumstances, circumstances of which only the would-be user is intimately aware -- whereas the Drug Warrior childishly tells us that circumstances mean nothing: that drugs can be bad and irredeemable in and of themselves, with no positive uses for anybody, anywhere, ever, at any dose. This is the anti-scientific mindset behind drug prohibition, and it is a shame that there are so few drug pundits who have ever pointed out this absurd philosophical presumption by which such a deadly public policy is always supported.
Lennard never does get around to telling us the story of what Freud himself really thought about cocaine, by the way. The reporter clearly feels that he has done his job merely by reminding us that at least one person in Freud's life could not use cocaine wisely. Case closed. Cocaine is evil, end of story.
And so the self-satisfied Lennard concludes sanctimoniously as follows:
"Everywhere we are promised something for nothing. Yet, the one clear lesson in the history of drug use is that in the giving and taking of drugs, one pays—in the short range or the long, visibly or invisibly—for what one gets."18
Such moralizing belongs in a sermon at a Christian Science venue and not in a "newspaper of record" like the "New York Times."
Does one pay "in the short range or the long" for drinking alcohol? How about for taking their antidepressant "meds"? How about for drinking their daily coffee?
No, this is just meaningless moral blather on Lennard's part. All drugs are unique as are all drug users. It is absurd to talk about drug use "in general."
As for the "history of drug use," does Lennard not realize that the western history of drug use is full of censorship about all positive outcomes of use? We have no unbiased history from which to draw conclusions, let alone "clear lessons." Besides, the word "drugs" covers so many disparate substances that it is absurd to talk about such a history. It is kind of like talking about "the history of appliances and machines." That might be a good topic for a satirical pamphlet, but anyone who has anything serious to say would surely focus on a specific appliance or machine, and not pretend to be giving us "hard and fast truths" that supposedly apply to every member of such an enormously variegated category.
What's going on here, then? How can Lennard maintain that history tells us that drug use is evil?
The answer is obvious. When Lennard talks about "the history of drug use," he actually means "the history of drug abuse" -- which, of course, is the only history that modern Drug Warriors recognize when it comes to drugs.
*I consider modern antidepressants to be tranquilizers -- as opposed to insight-inspiring drugs like phenethylamines, coca, psychedelics, and opium. This is a truth that we all tacitly acknowledge whenever we tell our obnoxious friends and loved ones to "take their meds." We want them to take their meds because we know that it will quiet them down and make them behave more predictably from our own point of view. We know, in short, that the drugs will tranquilize them.
Some readers will no doubt object that antidepressants work according to scientific theory and are therefore somehow preferable to drugs that simply "work" without a "by your leave" from medical science. This is a highly fraught conclusion based on an unspoken metaphysical belief in the ontological truth of materialism as a way -- indeed, as THE way -- of seeing the world. I have discussed the many problems with these materialist assumptions in many other essays. The fact is, however, that even if we believe in the omnipotence of modern science, those antidepressant drugs do NOT work scientifically. Even scientists themselves now acknowledge this inconvenient truth. As Dr. Norm Shpancer reported in Psychology Today in 2022:
...to which I would add, we don't know that antidepressants work at all -- at least if the criteria for their "working" is set by the unique individual user and not by the pharmaceutical companies who created the drugs for a one-size-fits-all market.
Cocaine
Freud's real discovery was that drugs like cocaine could make psychiatry UNNECESSARY for the vast majority of people. The medical establishment hated the idea -- so they judged the drug based on its worst possible use!
"My impression has been that the use of cocaine over a long time can bring about lasting improvement..." --Sigmund Freud, On Cocaine
***
Cocaine can be used wisely, believe it or not. Just ask Carl Hart. Or Graham Norton, the UK's quixotic answer to Johnny Carson. Just ask the Peruvian Indians, who have chewed the coca leaf for stamina and inspiration since Pre-Inca days. You have been taught to hate cocaine by a lifetime of censorship -- and by an FDA which dogmatically ignores all positive aspects of drug use, just as they ignore all downsides to prohibition.
Laws are never going to stop westerners from using cocaine, nor should they. Such laws are not making the world safe. To the contrary, laws against cocaine have made our world unthinkably violent! It has created cartels out of whole cloth, cartels that engage in torture and which suborn government officials, to the point that "the rule of law" is little more than a joke south of the border.
This is the enormous price tag of America's hateful policy of substance prohibition: the overthrow of democratic norms around the world.
The eerie bit is that most leading Drug Warriors understand this fact and approve of it. Too much democracy is anathema to the powers-that-be.
So... "Is cocaine use good or bad?" The question does not even make sense. Cocaine use is a blessing for some, just a little fun for most, and a curse for a few. Just like any other risky activity.
I can think of no greater intrusion than to deny a person autonomy over how they think and feel in life. It is sort of a meta-intrusion, the mother of all anti-democratic intrusions.
This is the mentality for today's materialist researcher when it comes to "laughing gas." He does not care that it merely cheers folks up. He wants to see what is REALLY going on with the substance, using electrodes and brain scans.
I'm told antidepressant withdrawal is fine because it doesn't cause cravings. Why is it better to feel like hell than to have a craving? In any case, cravings are caused by prohibition. A sane world could also end cravings with the help of other drugs.
No substance is bad in and of itself. Fentanyl has positive uses, at specific doses, for specific people, in specific situations. But the drug war votes substance up or down. That is hugely anti-scientific and it blocks human progress.
Proof that materialism is wrong is "in the pudding." It is why scientists are not calling for the use of laughing gas and MDMA by the suicidal. Because they refuse to recognize anything that's obvious. They want their cures to be demonstrated under a microscope.
Someone tweeted that fears about a Christian Science theocracy are "baseless." Tell that to my uncle who was lobotomized because they outlawed meds that could cheer him up -- tell that to myself, a chronic depressive who could be cheered up in an instant with outlawed meds.
Like when Laura Sanders tells us in Science News that depression is an intractable problem, she should rather tell us: "Depression is an intractable problem... that is, in a world wherein we refuse to consider the benefits of 'drugs,' let alone to fight for their beneficial use."
All drugs have potential positive uses for somebody, at some dose, in some circumstance, alone or in combination. To decide in advance that a drug is completely useless is an offense to reason and to human liberty.
The American Philosophy Association should make itself useful and release a statement saying that the drug war is based on fallacious reasoning, namely, the idea that substances can be bad in themselves, without regard for why, when, where and/or how they are used.
The worst form of government is not communism, socialism or even unbridled capitalism. The worst form of government is a Christian Science Theocracy, in which the government controls how much you are allowed to think and feel in life.
And yet Drug Warriors actually say inherently racist and xenophobic things like: "If we can save one young person from drug abuse, then our efforts will be worth it." Really? These prohibitionists actually think that it is okay to kill tens of thousands of minorities and foreigners in order to save a few white suburban young people from the endless drugs about which we refuse on principle to educate them. They think that it is okay to destroy the Bill of Rights to save those poor little kids whom we refuse to educate. They think that it is okay to create drug laws that give racist cops carte blanche to be as evil as they want to be toward minorities7.
White young people are not the only stakeholders in the drug approval game. When we criminalize drugs in order to keep our uneducated young people from using them, we are thereby also keeping the severely depressed from using those drugs as well. People commit suicide every day and they undergo unnecessary brain-damaging shock therapy for no other reason than that we westerners have refused to take advantage of a vast array of godsend substances -- in trees, in flowers, in fungi, in animals -- substances that, as ethnobotanists well know, have time-honored potential for improving mental outlook and giving the user a vacation from negative self-talk that prevents them from being all that they can be in life. When we outlaw drugs for junior, we also outlaw them for those who use drugs to gain religious inspiration, as the rishi employed Soma in the Punjab in 1500 BCE. When we outlaw drugs for junior, we also outlaw them for the philosophers who wish to use them in studying the nature of ultimate reality -- a use promoted by William James himself in The Varieties of Religious Experience. When we outlaw drugs for junior, we also outlaw them for those trying to get off antidepressants, those for whom a quick and timely pick-me-up from "drugs" could spell the difference between recidivism and remaining off an unwanted Big Pharma drug.
This latter statement is so obvious and yet it never seems to have occurred to any western critics of drugs. If a drug could be misused by Jack or Jill Whitebread when used at one dose for one reason in one circumstance, then we are always told by western drug pundits that the drug in question must not be used by anyone at any dose in any circumstance. It is as if these Drug Warriors have never even heard of the concept of education! This is politics and superstition at work here, not science. This is the triumph of the caveman mindset that prompts westerners to spout absurd fearmongering bromides such as "Crack kills!" and "Fentanyl kills!", failing to realize that such statements are the philosophical equivalent of shouting "Fire bad!" All such statements encourage us to fear dangerous substances rather than to learn how to use them as wisely as possible for the benefit of humanity.
How did we in the west arrive at such an anti-scientific, illogical and ultimately racist, xenophobic and even fascist point of view about "drugs"? There is plenty of blame to go around, as they say, but the media has certainly done more than their fair share in normalizing our society's superstitious and inhumane attitude toward psychoactive medicines. The media has done this, first, by refusing to publish any positive reports of drug use, and second, by holding drug use to a safety standard that they impose for no other risky activity on earth, not for rifle firing, not for car driving, and certainly not for liquor drinking.
I can think of no greater intrusion than to deny a person autonomy over how they think and feel in life. It is sort of a meta-intrusion, the mother of all anti-democratic intrusions.